Cities are facing many challenges due to excessive population growth and rapid expansion. To organize this indiscriminate growth, new planning models such as smart growth have been proposed. In recent years, the metropolis of Ahwaz has faced the adverse effects of unbridled growth, which necessitates serious attention to the smart growth model. The present research, by stating the necessity and importance of smart growth, has ranked the areas of Ahwaz metropolis in terms of suitability with smart growth criteria with a descriptive-analytical method. The study area includes the 8 districts of Ahwaz metropolis. The data related to 81 smart urban growth indicators for eight districts were analyzed in the form of 4 criteria: physical-land use, social-economic, access-transportation and environmental using the gray relational analysis model. According to the findings, district 4 is the most suitable and district 6 is the most unsuitable. Also, among the above-mentioned 4 criteria, the environmental criterion is in the most unfavorable condition in Ahwaz metropolis. Finally, based on the findings of the research, some solutions were suggested.

Paying attention to the sustainability of the housing sector as the most important urban element in sustainable urban development is considered one of the most essential aspects; therefore, knowing the indicators of suitable housing and trying to achieve the desired housing is important for sustainable urban development. Considering the importance of housing in the structure of today's cities and the lives of citizens, it is important to pay attention to the principles of sustainable development for achieving the spatial and social justice, and quantitative and qualitative desirability of uses especially residential use. Therefore, the aim of the research was to investigate and spatially analyze sustainable housing indicators in Tehran metropolis. For the descriptive-analytical research, quantitative entropy models, Gray Relation Analysis (GRA), Moran's spatial autocorrelation statistics and Arc GIS software were used to investigate and spatially analyze sustainable housing indicators in 22 districts of Tehran metropolis. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of sustainable housing indicators at 22 districts of Tehran is clustered. Districts 1, 22 and 21, respectively, have a gray rank of 0.638. 0.554, and 0.550 in terms of having the studied indicators and are in a favorable condition. Statistically, about 0.4% of the districts are in favorable condition, 0.41% in semi-favorable condition, and 0.45% in unfavorable condition. Geographically, the southeastern districts of Tehran are in an unfavorable condition, and sustainable housing indicators get worse going from north to south and west to east of Tehran.

Today, having to achieve a balanced and respect the balance and equality in all aspects of development indices, the Especially at the regional level in developing countries, and especially our country achieve one of the main challenges According to the principles of sustainable development defined for it. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and Prioritize the East Azerbaijan province in terms of infrastructure indicators is. The present study is of applied type and descriptive-analytical in nature. For this purpose, 20 counties In terms of infrastructure indicators into 46 quantifiable indicators were studied. To analyze the data, the model Generalized Shannon entropy, gray relational analysis (GRA), in the form of Pearson correlation coefficient using SPSS Used. The results indicate that: (1) based on the analysis of data in the relational model gray, Counties nomads, Varzeghan, Charavimaq, Khoda Afarin and Julfa in terms of infrastructure With the mean coefficient of priority (0. 749), in very poor condition. The first priority is planning to expand to the counties. 2. Based on the coefficient Pearson (0/512), correlation between the facilities and infrastructure, infrastructure and population in cities positive relationship there is. On the other hand between the index and the growth rates of urbanization Infrastructure Province of relationship and there is a positive correlation. So in general, it can be concluded that facilities in the province the underlying infrastructure has led to the counties that have more population, but between the Enjoyment of the underlying index and no significant relationship urbanization rate of counties. Extended Abstract Introduction: Today, balancing and maintaining equilibrium and equity in achieving development indicators in all its dimensions, especially at the regional level in developing countries and especially in our country, is one of the main challenges of achieving sustainable development in accordance with the principles defined for it is. In this regard, the necessity of this research arises from the fact that one of the most important goals of spatial planning is due to resource constraints,optimal and balanced distribution of facilities and services between different settlements. To do this, it is necessary to identify the settlements in terms of infrastructure indicators, so that underserved and undeveloped areas are identified so that planners can act to balance spatiality and reduce productivity gaps between regions. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and prioritize East Azarbaijan cities in terms of infrastructure indices using gray relation analysis technique. Methodology: This study was a descriptive-analytic one in terms of targeting as an applied study. The geographical territory of this study is 20 cities of East Azarbaijan province based on political-administrative divisions in 2011. The data gathering tool for the spatial distribution of the underlying indices is 4 criteria and 46 indices. Quantitative models such as generalized Shannon entropy model, gray relational analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and Arc Gis, Excel and SPSS were used for data analysis. Results and discussion: Step One: Creating a Gray Relationship (Decision Matrix): In this study, gray relationship analysis was used to determine the priority of cities based on the underlying indices and weights of each of these ratios. Therefore, in the first step of this study, for evaluation and prioritization of cities, the weight of 46 indicators used in this study was measured using Shannon entropy method. Step Two: Impact of Gray Relationship Coefficient: Using the gray relation coefficient, the proximity of each xij to xoj is measured. The larger the coefficient of the gray relation, the greater the proximity. Step 3: Gray Relationship Rank: The main goal in the gray relationship creation phase is to convert the original data into a comparable sequence. In order to better understand the situation and prioritize regional development, the cities of East Azarbaijan province were categorized according to 46 selected research indicators in terms of infrastructural indicators, in five levels of deprived, deprived, developing, developed and highly developed. Group 1: Highly deprived cities: Based on prioritization and ranking, among the 20 cities studied, 5 (25%) were included in this group. The cities of Kleiber, Varzaghan, Charavimag, Khodafarin and Jolfa are in critical condition in terms of indicators used. Group 2: Excluded cities: Hashtrood, Osco, Harris and Ajabshir cities with average priority coefficient of 0. 710 were included in this group. Group3: Developing cities: Middle cities, Azarshahr, Ahar, Shabestar, Bonab, Sarab, Malkan and Bostanabad with average priority coefficient of 0. 661. And the third priority is planning for development. Group 4: Extended cities: In this group two cities of Maragheh and Marand with average priority coefficient of 0. 607. And so Maragheh and Marand are the fourth level of development priority. Group 5: Highly developed cities: Tabriz city as the center of the province is at a level of development. Therefore, Tabriz city has the fifth level of development priority. Due to the inequalities of development in East Azarbaijan province, according to the indicators, it can be mentioned that Tabriz as the province's center and the growth pole in the northwestern part of the country has the concentration of services, facilities and infrastructure and considering the population concentration which is high. 45% of the population of East Azarbaijan province is occupied and the advance of capitalist relations with the attraction of private and public capital and attracting investors' attention expects such level of development not only in infrastructure but in all aspects of development and so on. The reason for the high lineage difference To other cities of the province's development in the first row. Conclusion: The results show that the spatial distribution of the underlying indices using gray relationship analysis model, the provinces are divided into five levels, with 0. 25 deprived, 0. 2 deprived, 0. 4 deprived in 20 East Azarbaijan provinces, respectively. Currently under development, 0. 1 are highly developed and 0. 5 are highly developed. There are 5 highly deprived cities, 4 deprived cities, 8 developing cities, 2 developed cities and 1 highly developed city. In the meantime, the cities of Kalibar, Varzaqan, Charavimag, Khodafarin and Jolfa were in critical condition and the first priority of development planning should be with these cities. Another result of this study was that the cities that are in good condition in terms of infrastructure indicators (Tabriz, Maragheh, Marand, Bonab, Shabestar, Azarshahr, Malekan, Bostanabad) are located in the western half of the province. Thus, in general, it can be concluded that in East Azarbaijan province facilities and infrastructures are moving towards more populated cities, but there is no significant relationship between the level of infrastructure indicators and urbanization rates of cities. According to the results of the research and prioritization, it can be said that lack of accurate study and planning and unbalanced investments at the province level, makes the provincial cities different and heterogeneous in terms of regional development, which causes more facilities and facilities in several cities, Especially Tabriz city. This can be achieved through careful planning in order to provide balanced and coordinated development and development of the provincial cities, which require regional bottom-up and top-down regional studies. In order to achieve sustainable regional development and eliminate the spatial inequalities mentioned in the research findings throughout the East Azarbaijan province, it is essential that, first, any development program is based on a mutual understanding of the local needs and resources and existing conditions of the city. Secondly, any kind of development activity should result from a combination of bottom-up and top-down planning,thirdly, sustainability will be possible at the provincial level when it relies on the participation of the people.

The main purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize factors that directly or indirectly hinder the attraction of investment in Fars province. In order to identify these factors, 35 factors were first extracted from those that were more emphasized in the theoretical literature and empirical studies, and then in the form of the Delphi first round questionnaire, twelve experts were selected using purposive judgment. At the end of the first round of Delphi, except for the "infrastructure weaknesses (transportation, power supply, etc. )", all other factors were agreed upon. The eliminated factor of first round of Delphi was transferred to the second round and since there was no agreement on this factor in the second round, it was generally excluded from the investors' questionnaire. Investors' questionnaire with 34 items was then prepared. The questionnaire was given to 300 active investors in Shiraz Industrial City and investors active elsewhere in Fars province. Finally, the responses received from investors were prioritized using Gray Relational Analysis (GRA). The results show that "difficulty in obtaining loans from banks", "volatility in commodity prices", "investment insecurity", "exchange rate instability", and "bureaucracy and unnecessary formalities and the length of time permits and inquiries" are the most important barriers to attracting investment in Fars province, respectively.

Introduction: Economically, tourism is of growing importance to many nations and is recognized as the largest source of export earnings in the world as well as an important provider of the employment and growth in foreign exchange. Tourism industry is one of the most important income-generating industries in the world. Tourism and its related activities have been developed considerably during the last decades. Indeed, it can be said that tourism is a gainful and advantageous industry which should be considered by tourism planners and marketers.

Analyzing corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a multi-criteria problem. This paper firstly introduces gray relation and entropy weighting methods in order to find a solution to analyze and rank corporations from this point of view. The proposed technique that conducted through combining these two methods, will become more reliable decision making criterion. Furthermore, since in literature there are different dimensions suggested for CSR, entropy method is used to determine the relative importance of each dimension. Awareness-raising questionnaire prepared by the social responsibility unit of European Commission was used to measure corporate responsibility. By applying these methods, 10 active pharmaceutical material and products manufacturing corporations were investigated and in terms of paying attention to social responsibilities, Pars Daro corporation placed first. This technique not only helps corporations to diagnose their weaknesses and strengths, but also helps them to know their position against competitors and make better decisions to promote corporate rank in social responsibility.

The electrochemical method of recovering tungstic acid uses nitric acid as the electrolyte. At the anode, carbide material is oxidized, yielding insoluble tungstic acid (H2WO4) and cobalt ions in the solution. Tungstic acid is then used to make tungsten oxide (WO3), a valuable industrial material. Initially, experiments in this study were prepared and carried out using experimental design approaches and grey relational analysis (GRA), which was based on the Taguchi method and carried out using Minitab17 software. Datafit (Versions 9.1) software was used to create regression models for predicting weight loss and energy usage. The goal function of the tests was anode weight loss/hour and electrochemical cell power consumption, whereas the impacting variables were current density, electrolyte concentration, cell temperature, and cathode electrode type. The optimal electrochemical cell has a current density of 4000 A/m2, 1.8 M electrolyte concentration and 70 °C cell temperature, and an aluminum cathode.

The purpose of this research was to rank Information Technology (IT) dimensions using sustainable development criteria. The present research belongs to the category of applied research in terms of objective and descriptive survey in terms of data collection. To this end, the six dimensions of IT have been ranked according to three areas of sustainable development. Ratings were done using Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) through the GRAY RELATION software. It is worth noting that the statistical population included all managers of executive organizations in the northwest provinces of Iran. The result of using the GRA methodology to rank the IT components through sustainable development dimensions has ranked the six dimensions in terms of scores obtained as follows service quality, information quality, system satisfaction, perceived benefits, system quality, and IT usage.

Supply chain management (SCM) is very well known efficient and effective managerial tool to check and analyze the performance of any enterprises. In the present work, efforts have taken to analyze and optimize the performance of small & medium enterprise (SME) in Pune region India. For this purpose a SCM based framework is prepared to get the realistic data from the industries through the questionnaire prepared on the basic of literature and the expert opinions. After finalizing the effective framework fitted to the various enterprises, a data in the pointer scale has been collected from the various stakeholders of the enterprises. The grey relational analysis (GRA), a multi-response optimization tool has been effectively used for getting the optimize result which will help the enterprises to plan the strategies for the betterment of the enterprises. Optimum results were implemented in the other enterprises. The responses were measured and compare with the optimum solution. From the responses, it has been observed that there is a significant enhancement in the response level of the other enterprises. Thus the SCM was effectively used for enhancing the performance of the SMEs in the region.